This lecture addresses the social changes at work in the mid-continent at this time, along with the history of work on Ponca creek from the 1930s to the present, including geophysical prospecting and excavation in the last few years. Viewed in the context of the Plains as a whole, the changes there represent a sea-change in social formations and likely mark the appearance of the modern Pawnee and Arikara nations.

About the presenter: Doug Bamforth has a long record of working on the early (Paleoindian) period on the Plains. Over the last few years, his research has turned to later periods of time, particularly the Plains Village period. During the past six years, he has focused on Pine Ridge in Nebraska, where he has opened a Plains Village residential site that appears to be underlain by a Late Woodland bison kill.

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